Radxa Q6A 單板機紹介#

請參閱 Q6A 單板機紹介了解更多關於單板電腦的硬體資訊。

Radxa Q6A 是採用高通 Dragonwing QCS6490 ARM 晶片的單板機。相容 Arm V8 指令集，核心時脈2.7GHz。提供 GPIO，PCIe 等介面，用於連接多種外部裝置，可以滿足一般軟體/硬體開發者的開發，除錯需求。
板底還附有 MIPI CSI/DSI，UFS/eMMC 模組接口，用於安裝熒幕和UFS/eMMC 快閃記憶體。

PostmarketOS 的支援情況#

Q6A 的 PostmarketOS 移植採用 upstream kernel，硬體支援較好。CPU，GPU，PCIe 等功能都已受到支援，Wi-Fi 和 Bluetooth 在自行編譯核心模組後也可以正常工作。不過軟體依然有些問題…

• 待機(Suspend)似乎有些問題，必須通過 ctrl + alt + F7 組合鍵切換 TTY 控制臺才可以喚醒；
  
• GNOME 桌面在 OpenRC init 程式下似乎有問題，嘗試登出使用者會遇到「GNOME Shell 失去回應」的提示，但是 GNOME 依然可以操作；
  
• 冷啓動單板機會導致 RTC 時鐘無法存取，dmesg 有 ioctl 相關錯誤。
  

準備刷機#

在電腦上安裝 pmbootstrap，鍵入 pmbootstrap init 進行設定。Radxa Q6A 已經被 PostmarketOS 列爲「社群維護(community)」支援等級，因此官方的 pmaports 機型套件庫有收錄這臺裝置。

pmbootstrap init                                                      
[14:24:31] Location of the 'work' path. Multiple chroots (native, device arch, device rootfs) will be created in there.
[14:24:31] Work path [/home/kodiak/.local/var/pmbootstrap]: 
[14:24:32] Location of the 'pmaports' path, containing package definitions.
[14:24:32] pmaports path [/home/kodiak/.local/var/pmbootstrap/cache_git/pmaports]: 
[14:24:34] Choose the postmarketOS release channel.
[14:24:34] Available (14):
[14:24:34] * edge: Rolling release / Most devices / Occasional breakage: https://postmarketos.org/edge
[14:24:34] * v26.06: Latest release / Recommended for best stability
[14:24:34] * v25.12: Old release (supported until 2026-07-31)
[14:24:34] Channel [edge]: 
[14:24:34] NOTE: pmaports is on main branch, copying git hooks.
[14:24:34] Choose your target device vendor (either an existing one, or a new one for porting).
[14:24:34] Available vendors (107): acer, alcatel, amazon, amediatech, amlogic, apple, ark, arrow, asus, ayaneo, ayn, bananapi, barnesnoble, beelink, blackberry, bq, clockworkpi, cubietech, cutiepi, dell, dongshanpi, epson, essential, fairphone, finepower, fly, fxtec, generic, goclever, google, gp, hisense, hp, htc, huawei, inet, infocus, jolla, khadas, klipad, kobo, lark, leeco, lenovo, lg, librecomputer, linksys, lynx, mangopi, medion, meizu, microsoft, mnt, mobvoi, motorola, nextbit, nobby, nokia, nothing, nvidia, odroid, oneplus, oppo, ouya, pine64, planet, pocketbook, postmarketos, powkiddy, purism, qcom, qemu, qualcomm, radxa, raspberry, realme, rockchip, samsung, semc, sharp, shift, sipeed, solidrun, sony, sourceparts, sqfmi, starway, surftab, t2m, thundercomm, tokio, tolino, trekstor, valve, vernee, vivo, volla, wd, wexler, wiko, wileyfox, xiaomi, xunlong, yu, zhihe, zte, zuk
[14:24:34] Vendor [qcom]:               # 裝置廠家選擇「qcom」
[14:24:36] Devices are categorised as follows, from best to worst:
* Main: ports where mostly everything works.
* Community: often mostly usable, but may lack important functionality.
* Testing: anything from "just boots in some sense" to almost fully functioning ports.
* Downstream: ports that use a downstream kernel — very limited functionality. Not recommended.

Available devices by codename (9): msm8226 (testing), msm8909 (testing), msm8916 (testing), msm8953 (community), msm8956 (testing), msm89x7 (testing), qcs6490 (community), rbx (testing), sm7150 (community)
[14:24:36] Device codename [qcs6490]:               # 鍵入「qcs6490」，使用爲 Dragonwing QCS6490 晶片建立的通用 port
[14:24:37] Username [kodiak]:                       # 鍵入自己的使用者名稱，例如 yupik
[14:24:40] Available providers for postmarketos-base-ui-audio-backend (2):
[14:24:40] * pulseaudio: Use pulseaudio as the audio backend. (default)
[14:24:40] * pipewire: Use pipewire as the audio backend. (but may not work with all devices)
[14:24:40] Provider [pulseaudio]:                       # 選擇系統採用的音訊伺服器，沒什麼使用音效增益軟體的需求就選 pulseaudio
[14:24:41] Available providers for postmarketos-base-ui-wifi (2):
[14:24:41] * wpa_supplicant: Use wpa_supplicant as the WiFi backend. (default)
[14:24:41] * iwd: Use iwd as the WiFi backend (but may not work with all devices)
[14:24:41] Provider [default]: 
[14:24:42] Available providers for postmarketos-usb-moded-default-profile (2):
[14:24:42] * developer: Make 'developer mode' the default usb-moded profile (always enables usb networking) (default)
[14:24:42] * charging: Make 'charging mode' the default usb-moded profile (usb networking must be manually enabled)
[14:24:42] Provider [developer]: 
[14:24:43] Available user interfaces (30): 
[14:24:43] * none: Bare minimum OS image for testing and manual customization. The "console" UI should be selected if a graphical UI is not desired.
[14:24:43] * buffyboard: Plain framebuffer console with modern touchscreen keyboard support
[14:24:43] * cage: (Wayland) Kiosk WM
[14:24:43] * console: Console environment, with no graphical/touch UI
[14:24:43] * cosmic: COSMIC Desktop Environment from System76
[14:24:43] * fbkeyboard: Plain framebuffer console with touchscreen keyboard support
[14:24:43] * gnome: (Wayland) Gnome Shell
[14:24:43] * gnome-mobile: (Wayland) Gnome Shell patched to adapt better to phones (Experimental)
[14:24:43] * i3wm: (X11) Tiling WM (keyboard required)
[14:24:43] * kodi: (GBM) 10-foot UI useful on TV's
[14:24:43] * lomiri: (Wayland) The convergent desktop environment (Experimental)
[14:24:43] * lxqt: (X11) Lightweight Qt Desktop Environment (stylus recommended)
[14:24:43] * mate: (X11) MATE Desktop Environment, fork of GNOME2 (stylus recommended)
[14:24:43] * moonlight: (Wayland) Open Source PC client for NVIDIA GameStream, as used by the NVIDIA Shield
[14:24:43] * niri: (Wayland) A scrollable-tiling compositor (DOES NOT RUN WITHOUT HW ACCELERATION!)
[14:24:43] * openbox: (X11) A highly configurable and lightweight X11 window manager (keyboard required)
[14:24:43] * os-installer: UI for installing postmarketOS
[14:24:43] * phosh: (Wayland) Mobile UI using GNOME components and apps
[14:24:43] * plasma-bigscreen: (Wayland) 10-feet variant of Plasma, made for big screen TVs
[14:24:43] * plasma-desktop: (Wayland) KDE Desktop Environment (works well with tablets)
[14:24:43] * plasma-mobile: (Wayland) Mobile variant of KDE Plasma
[14:24:43] * retroarch: RetroArch in KMS mode
[14:24:43] * shelli: Plain console with touchscreen gesture support
[14:24:43] * sway: (Wayland) Tiling WM, drop-in replacement for i3wm
[14:24:43] * sxmo-de-dwm: Simple Mobile: Mobile environment based on SXMO and running on dwm
[14:24:43] * sxmo-de-i3: Simple Mobile: Mobile environment based on SXMO and running on i3
[14:24:43] * sxmo-de-river: Simple Mobile: Mobile environment based on SXMO and running on river
[14:24:43] * sxmo-de-sway: Simple Mobile: Mobile environment based on SXMO and running on sway
[14:24:43] * weston: (Wayland) Reference compositor (demo, not a phone interface)
[14:24:43] * windowmaker: (X11) Window manager inspired by the NeXTSTEP user interface (stylus recommended)
[14:24:43] * xfce4: (X11) Lightweight desktop (stylus recommended)
[14:24:43] User interface [gnome]:  # 依用途選擇桌面環境或者使用者介面
[14:24:45] Based on your UI selection, 'default' will result in installing systemd.
[14:24:45] Install systemd? (default/always/never) [never]:  # 是否使用 systemd？鍵入「never」來改用 Alpine 採用的 OpenRC init 程式
[14:24:46] Additional options: extra free space: 0 MB, boot partition size: 512 MB, parallel jobs: 8, ccache per arch: 5G, sudo timer: False, mirror: http://mirror.postmarketos.org/postmarketos/
[14:24:46] Change them? (y/n) [n]: 
[14:24:46] Additional packages that will be installed to rootfs. Specify them in a comma separated list (e.g.: vim,file) or "none"
[14:24:46] Extra packages [nano]: 
[14:24:47] Your host timezone: Australia/Perth
[14:24:47] Use this timezone instead of GMT? (y/n) [y]: # 設定時區，語言...
[14:24:47] Choose your preferred locale, like e.g. en_US. Only UTF-8 is supported, it gets appended automatically. Use tab-completion if needed.
[14:24:47] Locale [en_US]: 
[14:24:48] Device hostname (short form, e.g. 'foo') [qcom-qcs6490]: 
[14:24:48] SSH public keys found (1):
[14:24:48] * /home/kodiak/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub
[14:24:48] See https://postmarketos.org/ssh-key-glob for more information.
[14:24:48] Would you like to copy these public keys to the device? (y/n) [n]: 
[14:24:49] After pmaports are changed, the binary packages may be outdated. If you want to install postmarketOS without changes, reply 'n' for a faster installation.
[14:24:49] Build outdated packages during 'pmbootstrap install'? (y/n) [n]: 
[14:24:49] Zap existing chroots to apply configuration? (y/n) [y]: 
[sudo] password for kodiak: 
[14:24:56] DONE!

設定完成後，鍵入 pmbootstrap install --sdcard= 命令語將 PostmarketOS 安裝到 SD 卡，或者是 NVME SSD 之類的裝置上。安裝完成後，將 SD 卡(或者是快閃記憶體模組)插到單板機上，按下開機按鈕，將 boot order 改爲從 SD 卡開機，等到熒幕出現 gdm 的畫面後，鍵入自己設定的密碼登入系統。
除了內建的 WiFi 網路卡不可用(沒有驅動程式)，其他功能都可以使用了。

修復 Wi-Fi 網路卡#

Q6A 單板機內建採用 USB 2.0 協定的 Quectel FCU760K(又是妳啊…還是一如既往的難以使用，對吧？) Wi-Fi 網路卡，使用 AICSemi AIC8800 晶片。目前裝置相關的驅動程式沒有進入 upstream kernel，需要使用 out-of-tree 的 aic8800 核心模組。

# 下載核心原始碼
wget https://cdn.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v7.x/linux-7.1.5.tar.xz
tar -Jxf linux-7.1.5.tar.xz 

# 安裝編譯用套件 & 編譯核心

sudo apk add build-base openssl-dev libelf-dev bison flex perl linux-headers ncurses-dev tar xz cpio bash
cd linux-7.1.5
make nconfig    # 或者 make xconfig (需要安裝QT6套件)
make -j8 Image.gz

# /boot/loader/entries/pmos-custom.conf

title PostmarketOS
sort-key PostmarketOS
linux vmlinuz
initrd initramfs
options loglevel=5 rw console=tty0 ...

# /boot/loader/loader.conf

timeout 3
console-mode keep

編譯驅動原始碼#

首先執行 lsusb，應該會看到 VID 和 PID 爲 a69c:8d80 的裝置，根據原始碼中提供的廠家文檔來看，應該是 AIC8800D80 晶片(下方命令語爲範例):

# lsusb
Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub
Bus 001 Device 002: ID 1a40:0101 Terminus Technology Inc. Hub
Bus 001 Device 003: ID 1a40:0101 Terminus Technology Inc. Hub
Bus 001 Device 005: ID 248a:60ab Maxxter AiMouse
Bus 001 Device 006: ID 2717:5015 Xiaomi Inc. Xiaomi Wired Mechanical Keyboard      # 嗯...這些是我自願放棄的隱私
Bus 001 Device 007: ID a69c:8d81 AICSemi AIC 8800D80    # 裝載韌體並正常工作的 AIC8800 網路卡
Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub
Bus 002 Device 002: ID 05e3:0610 Genesys Logic, Inc. Hub
Bus 003 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0003 Linux Foundation 3.0 root hub
Bus 003 Device 002: ID 05e3:0626 Genesys Logic, Inc. Hub

因爲 Linux 7.1 cfg80211 有幾處 API 變更，直接編譯驅動程式會遇到錯誤不給編譯，需要自己 patch aic8800 驅動原始碼才可以補正問題。

cd ~/aic8800
$ wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/gahingwoo/kiln/main/aic8800-patches/0001-aic8800-cfg80211-7.1-net_device-to-wireless_dev.patch
$ patch -p1 < 0001-aic8800-cfg80211-7.1-net_device-to-wireless_dev.patch

補正之後，到原始碼找到 USB 資料夾，然後開終端機，編譯並安裝 aic8800 aic_btusb 核心模組：

$ cd ~/aic8800/src/USB/driver_fw/drivers/aic8800
$ make -C /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/build M=$PWD modules
$ make -C /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/build M=$PWD modules_install

$ cd ~/aic8800/src/USB/driver_fw/drivers/aic_btusb
$ make -C /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/build M=$PWD modules
$ make -C /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/build M=$PWD modules_install

安裝完成後，重開機，或者使用 depmod -a 命令套用核心模組變更。
之後，鍵入 modprobe aic_load_fw aic8800_fdrv 命令加載核心模組。如果發現網路卡依然不工作，檢視 dmesg 發現 aic_btusb 模組噴出 failed to open 錯誤：

[ 9.051106] aic_load_fw: loading out-of-tree module taints kernel.
[ 9.054417] aic_bluetooth_mod_init
[ 9.054424] AICWFDBG(LOGINFO) aicwf_prealloc_init enter
[ 9.057687] AICWFDBG(LOGINFO) aicwf_usb_probe vid:0xA69C pid:0x8D80 icl:0x0 isc:0x0 ipr:0x0
[ 9.057692] AICWFDBG(LOGINFO) aicloadfw_chipmatch USE AIC8800D80
[ 9.061080] aic_load_firmware :firmware path = /lib/firmware/aic8800D80/fw_patch_table_8800d80_u02.bin
[ 9.061176] aic_load_firmware: fw_patch_table_8800d80_u02.bin file failed to open
[ 9.061220] aicbt_patch_table_alloc fail
[ 9.061230] aicwf_bus_deinit
[ 9.561648] usb_err:<aicwf_usb_rx_submit_all_urb,234>: bus is not up=0

把原始碼中提供的韌體(在 src/USB/driver_fw/fw 目錄)檔案，按照 dmesg 中的訊息，複製到 /lib/firmware 下，重開機就可以了。
複製韌體並重載核心模組後，GNOME 的 Quick setting 面板就會出現「Wi-Fi」選單，執行 lsusb 後，裝置的 PID 變成 8d81，網路卡可以正常使用了。

後記#

使用 GNOME 的 PostmarketOS，在不安裝擴充程式的情況下，使用 htop 程式檢視裝置 RAM 利用率，只有 1.5GB ~ 2GB！很棒。或許之後應該把 aic8800 驅動做成 AKMS，隨着核心更新而更新，也就不用每次都要手動編譯了。